Vitalik Buterin: Pessimistic about the use of level crossings and safety restrictions

In fact, cross chain bridgesSimple security restrictionsThis is the main reason why I am so happy with the multi-chain blockchain ecosystem (it is true that there are many independent communities with different advantages).

Better to do all the research and improve than compete for the same impact), I am amazed at the use of chain links.

To understand why bridge-chain bridges have these limitations, it is necessary to examine how the difference between blockchains and chain links can be achieved with 51% resistance. .

A lot of people are of the opinion that "if the blockchain is hit by 51% of attacks, everything will be gone, so we have to do our best to prevent 51% of attacks even once."

I never agree with this idea; Indeed, even after 51% of protests, the blockchain still has many security features, and the management of these guarantees is crucial.

For example, suppose you have 100 ETH on the Ethereum chain and some transactions occur after a 51% attack on Ethereum.It will be inspected and / or canceled..

But no matter what, you still have 100 ETH. Even 51% of the demonstrators could not deliver the blocks bearing the ETH. Indeed, these blocks are rejected by the network because they violate the protocol.

Whether 99% of your power consumption or commitment wants to get you to ETH, each compute node only follows 1% of the chain.The blocks follow the rules of the protocol..

Normally, if you have an Ethereum app, 51% of attackers can censor it or roll it back in time, but in the end it will be the same.

You have 100 ETH, but after selling it for 320,000 DAI at Uniswap, you can still get some tangible benefits in the end, no matter what the blockchain frenzy is. Save 100 ETH or get 320,000 DAI.

Neither 100ETH nor 320000DAI will be accepted by the contract as these benefits are not legally binding on the contract.

Imagine what would happen if you moved 100 ETH to the Solana Bridge so that 100 Solana-WETH and Ethereum were hit at 51%.

Protesters placed their ETH in Solana-WETH and then reversed the exchange on Ethereum's side immediately after Solana's approval.

The Solana-WETH contract is not currently fully supported. Maybe your 100Solana-WETH is currently only worth 60ETH.

While the entire ZK-SNARK-based bridge could close the deal, it would still be vulnerable to theft in 51% of these attacks.

For this reason, it is always better to have Ethereum assets on Ethereum or Solana assets on Solana than to have Ethereum assets on Solana or have Solana on Ethereum.The following tools are more secure..

In this case, "Ethereum" means not only the keychain, but an L2 made from it.

If Ethereum is hit by 51% and the exchange is reversed, Arbitrum and Optimism are also canceled, so even if Ethereum is hit by 51%, the cross-rollup application is guaranteed to control was a state in Arbitrum and Optimism. Stay calm.

If Ethereum had not been attacked by 51% attacks, 51% of attacks could not have attacked Arbitrum and Optimism separately.

Therefore, it is completely safe to hold the treasures of optimism encapsulated in Arbitrum.

The problem is exacerbated when facing more than one channel. If there are 100 chains, there will eventually be dapps with multiple interactions of those chains, and even 51% of attacks on a chain will cause disease, threatening the economy of the entire ecosystem.

This is why I think interdependent domains are more common.Closed integration with sovereign territories(Many Ethereum Edge applications interact with each other, many Avax Edge applications interact with each other, but not Ethereum Edge and Avax Edge applications).

By the way, that's why rollups just can't "use other file levels".

If Rollup keeps records from Celestia or BCH or whatever while creating Ethereum assets, this is done when that layer gets 51% off.

The 51% attack rate provided by Celestia's DAS doesn't really help because the Ethereum network does not read the DAS and does not read the bridge which affects 51% attack.

To create a rollup that provides security for applications that use Ethereum inheritance, you should use:Ethereum data layer(Ditto for other ecosystems.)

Since the strike at 51% of the chain is also difficult and expensive, we don't expect this to happen immediately.

However, the more continuous and consistent the use, the greater the outcome of the strike.

No one against 51% Ethereum steals 100 Solana-WETH (or 51% against Solana steals 100 Ethereum-WSOL).

However, if the bridge has 10 million ETH or SOL, the strike incentive is greater, so the mining pool has a good partnership to contend with.

so,Cross-chain operations are protected in a collaborative manner.: The network is more secure when there are not many paths to cross the chain, but the higher the cross operation, the greater the risk.