Cosmos, the pioneer of unconscious heterogeneity

Generally speaking, if you pay close attention to the free content of some public channels like Polkadot, Solana, Binance Chain, etc., you will find that they always refer to the approved "Tendermint" engine. But how many people know of the public channel designed by Cosmos, the sponsor of Tendermint? Looking back and learning new things, today we will talk about the forerunner who forgot, the world without time.

What is the cosmos and how does it affect peas?

As Cosmos has said, it seems unlikely that another major public channel that has yet to be created will be an exception.polka sur. I think the Cosmos was created by "plagiarism" Polka Dot. However, if you read Polkadot's white paper, you will see that it is the Cosmos that thanks the "speech" so much. Therefore, it stands to reason that the first was prepared for this channel. CornIn fact, there are many similarities between the two, but of course there are some special characteristics as well.For example, the Cosmos does not use the relay chain as the basis for all security evidence,SDKThis mode allows developers to set the desired parameters (such as working for the public chain of thorns, but can also be configured for whitelist access to this type of data). Whether the application connected to the SDK is decentralized or not : Polkadot. here). At the same time, the interconnection of the different chains has also been achieved by IBC (Inter-Blockchain Communication Protocol).The activation of the application does not need to be done by Polkadot like the relay chains.The same "pegs" as the Polkadot "bridges" are used when docking with other public channels at the same time. For this reason, it also meets the characteristics of potential expansion, heterogeneity, and in-line modification. So our next points will not be compared to Polkadot.

Entire architecture of the cosmos

before acceptingAll the architecture of the Cosmos is similar to Polkadot.. It is also a flat surface that is not layered like Ethereum. It is manufactured by HUB, ZONE and PEG.

regionEach application is a heterogeneous chain

plaqueCan be Parachain or Relay Chain (Cosmos Hub acts as Relay Chain)

andno giveIt is the bridge to the chain (eg chains like ETH, BTC, etc.).

Duab Source: Crypto Valley

I think it's very old, because I understand that the most important part of the public channel has three layers.

application

the Internet

mechanism kev pom zoo

For general usersapplicationbecause we can hearThe application of the ecosystem is very important.. andthe InternetIt is important between users and applications, between applications and applications, and between users and users. andagreementMeasureNeedless to say, this is what relies on decentralization. The reason BTC hasn't created a mature ecosystem is because the BTC architecture doesn't separate us from it, resulting in programming issues or incomplete support. Ethereum, on the other hand, is growing in the ecosystem by separating the applications of two applications and providing a more functional structure, improving the usability of the blockchain itself. . CornThe problem with Ethereum in the long run is that the following deal still applies to prisoners of war. This leads to the fact that there is not much to do as the developers have to complete the project with minimal resources.At the same time, the compatibility with other public channels is not user-friendly enough, as is the incompatibility of different systems. As for oil prices, I will not talk about them. Suddenly, the PoS concept was born on chains with structures similar to Polkadot.It is important to note that it no longer provides a built-in process, but is a process similar to TCP / IP. As long as the application in accordance with my rights can access my network and use my consent.For incoming applications, the process is not a problem.

So how does Cosmos build a relationship between us?

Like Ethereum and BitcoinThis problem is not well enough known to be solved., its point is that developers always pay attention only to the implementation of application logic and ignore the "process layer" too much. The development of Ethereum also requires developers to pay attention to consolidation and network issues, which leads to improved efficiency and simplifies the crossover chain.To solve this problem, Cosmos has developed a new Tendermint BFT.(BPOS PBFT, one for power distribution of validators and one for block validation.) Call mode."Consensus Cav"Yam. Special logic applications are not described here. What we need to know is that it encapsulates the Cosmos network and legal agreement so that all nodes record transactions in the same order and can be called from any application on the Application Blockchain Interface ( ABCI). In particular, ABCI itself can repeat in other languages, improving the intermediate, making it more difficult. It is one of the most important parts of the cosmos,SDK. also exactlyDue to this injustice to traditional software apps, Cosmos doesn't require a bet like Polkdot, but as long as you use my SDK you can use my features.Of course, my network and security (Cosmos hub) also need a bunch of validators and delegators. The main role is the same as Polkadot. We will include these responsibilities in the topic of tomorrow.

love love,COSMOS provides developers with minimal access to interference, allowing some developers to build their own distribution application without knowing the approval process.the same timeFor developers who understand the concept and have their own preferences, the SDK can be used to quickly create their own channels.andAll models are based on the "weak coupling" mode referred to in normal software engineering., it is very modular. At that time, I didn't know what to do with Polkadot.

Next, let's take a look at some of the key elements of the Cosmos.

IBC: gateway for inter-chain communication

With the same design model as PolkadotImportant questionswhat to say, for exampleCan solve a variety of applications, including the problem of data transfer between channels.Specifically, due to the distribution of the blockchain, no other organization acts as an intermediary. So, to solve this problem, Cosmos used a method called IBC i.e. Inter-Blockchain Communication protocol. The Tendermint BFT above is used to detect changes in different chains. It's a bit like the concept of the bokari bridge. Let us know its main points and see how it works.

Suppose you want to convert tokens from Channel A to Channel B. There are 4 levels in Cosmos.

1.Piste:First of all, every chain has a traffic light (this is something everyone should know - it only blocks header data, not the entire blockchain ledger, it makes sure that the order of the block header file first matches the block header file). So, in this example, chain B can receive block header data from chain A through nodes. That is, A wants to refer to B.

2.Collage :Then, when modifying the parameters, the "switch" tokens are locked in chain A.

Three.Relay IDs:After closing, this lockout information moves from channel A to channel B.

4.Details:Chain B detects the authenticity of the lock (blockhead detection) through chain A, and if the detection is valid, chain B creates an equation of matching tokens. These are contracts, not real tokens.

we can see it,COSMOS's so-called IBC is a startup like any other cross-platform connection.The so-called asset swap is accomplished by closing the bequest of the property and then creating a certificate of authenticity of the plan, and COSMOS alone uses that "approval machine", reducing the use of problems for manufacturers.

However, if there are multiple network connections, for example, in the diagram above, the regions are connected directly by the IBC, the network connectivity issue occurs due to too many connections.For example, 100 regions would need 4950 links. This is why Hub has proven to be a system that works to collect information about heterogeneous chains and put them together to interact with other chains. For example, the first hub is the Cosmos Hub, which is also a public POS keychain, ATOM is used for trading, but other tokens can be used for exchange rates (according to ICS20 standard).

Source: Cosmos official website

Peg-Zone: non-Tendermint cross link

todayIt usually focuses on BTC, Ethereum, and other chains like Tendermint BFT not being used.. Cosmos talks about relationships with heterogeneous chains, but there is even less to follow. Therefore, for chains such as Ethereum and BTC, special mechanisms are needed to modify the assets of the chains (they have different types of serialization, signature schemes and data structures of the Cosmos). In fact, COSMOS uses a method of crossing chains similar to other chains. Let's see.

According to the IBC process, it can be seen that COSMOS is the "final design control" chain, while the PoW based chains such as ETH and BTC are not the ultimate speed (problem with the PoW mechanism). To solve this problem, Cosmos has developed a stake as an inter-chain relay station.

First, let's take a look at the properties of the Peg-zone.

Contrat intelligent Ethereum :Equivalent to the assets promised by Cosmos from Ethereum, it can store ETH and Cosmos still has tokens.

Witnesses:Testify in defense. Proof of Ethereum status. Wait for the actual start of 100 blocks to send proof of Ethereum's transition state to the peg domain and run the entire blockchain node. To ensure safety, the Cosmos Hub will also prove the northern area.

Ankle area:Manufactured by Tendermint, it allows users to create and query businesses. It is also the bridge between the Cosmos and the Ethereum.

Signature:Signers use the secp256k1 (Ethereum Signature Scheme) signature scheme to sign messages, and Ethereum understands these techniques to identify signatures as a smart contract. Posted in region

repeater:Announces business listings signed by Ethereum smart contract signatories

Let's look at the interconnected process of Ethereum and Cosmos.How to interactfrom:

1. First, the peg-zone must determine whether witnesses are to testify on the facts. The default is 100 blocks.

2. Suppose you want to convert the photon numbers from Cosmos to ETH. The cosmos will first convert your photons into the IBC zone. The district receives IBC packages. Industrial data containing photon transmissions.

3. The signer monitors the peg domain, then signs the exchange access to the peg domain with secp256k1 for Ethereum to recognize.

4. The relay also monitors the Peg domain and waits for 2/3 of the signer to sign the exchange. These changes have been passed on to Ethereum EVM to support the implementation of Ethereum smart contracts.

we can seeThis branch of Cosmos is the bridge over Polkadot.The principle of both is the same. But the Cosmos has come true, and Polkadot still has a long way to go. However, the success of the Cosmos meant crossing the bridge on this path was possible, and Polkdot was technically believable for some reason.

scalability

Although after fixing the above improvements and cross-chain issues, there is still one issue that Ethereum needs to address, which is scalability. In this case, Cosmos uses two extensions.

Vertical scalability:By eliminating the POW mode and improving the design, Tendermint BFT TPS can reach thousands. Of course, these expansion plans are being developed by several companies, and Cosmos has completed the vertical measure in another decision i.e. the blockchain leader who can use the SDK to implement special applications. . Let's look at the following two photos.

The first is the simple ETH architecture.

Cosmos official media

The second is to look at the architecture of the Cosmos.

Cosmos official media

The most intuitive difference is that Cosmos encapsulates the virtual machine.. soIt facilitates installation by avoiding direct interaction between developers and virtual machines.Cosmos-SDK is the goal of guidance, whatever it is.Ease of use and error recovery make it easier and more flexible.. (similar to C and JAVA)

Scale horizontally:cross chain. Someone else has to repeat it a few times, so I won't repeat it here.

Contents

After Cosmos' brief understanding of the technology, you can see:The biggest difference between Cosmos and Folkdot is open.There is the notion of being an Internet expert who advises open source, collaborative sharing and the openness of all their SDKs.Replacing different parts based on Polkadot's own relay chain, which is the heart of Polkadot, it helps other manufacturers design their own chains faster.Cosmos may not have paid much in the flood of civilian channels today, but it's been around very well for 16 years. It will be put on the market to test whether these two models are technically superior or inferior. CornFrom a token trading perspective, there is no doubt that DOT has an advantage.The reason why Cosmos Chain, i.e. Cosmos Hub, no chain or app required to use this SDK., but ATOM tokens can only be viewed in their own Cosmos and are typically used to secure the security of the Cosmos Hub, as well as the Cosmos Hub control token.The token value is not high.. but good luckThe implementation of ATOM has improved to some extent with the release of IBC.After all, IBC is used for the cross chain, and to improve the performance of the IBC, all the different parts are connected to the Hub first, then Hub sends the cross chain, which is fine like DOT. However, from a visual standpoint, it's up to each app to determine whether another app is willing to use the Hub. After all, with the SDK it's not easy to skip the official hub and connect directly, or you can. create your own hub. Using the Cosmos Hub itself as a true IBC relay hub only uses osmosis (cross-chain AMM, function similar to Balancer). soThe Cosmos Hub wants to become an integral part of the ecosystem by simplifying interconnection. I have a long way to go..