Misunderstanding of Layer 2 Extensions Redefining Scalability

Many solutions to overcome the scalability of blockchains do not focus on incrementing, but this ignores the impact of accessing nodes. This will affect the decentralization of the network.

The scalability of blockchain has always been a hot topic. Almost all blockchain networks consider TPS (Business Secondary) to be soft, but TPS is not a good indicator to compare to other blockchain networks, and it is difficult to gauge the relative humidity of different blockchains. Additionally, can these networks be measurable, since high TPS often comes at a high cost? Where can I facilitate access?

To answer these questions, let's take a look at what scalability means, exchanges must be satisfied, and why rollups are the ultimate scalability solution.

Not all businesses are the same

First, we must mention our recognition that the simple TPS metric is not an accurate measure of scalability.

In order to reward the node that completed the transaction and prevent users from attacking the network by sending inappropriate material, the blockchain charges a fee based on the chain's computational load. The difficulty in calculating the Ethereum network load is measured in fuel costs. Since oil is a simple metric for easy trading, the term is generally specific to Ethereum, but in this article it is also used for non-Ethereum blockchains.

There is a big difference in the difficulty of swapping, so the fuel consumption also varies. Bitcoin was the first to use the unreliable market, but only supported the simple Bitcoin script. Easy replacement of these addresses consumes very little fuel. Alternatively, smart contracts such as Ethereum and Solana support virtual machines and full Turing programming languages ​​for greater flexibility. So dApps like Uniswap need more fuel costs.

This is why it is not a good idea to compare the TPS on different blockchains, what we need to compare is the power count or the output.

All blockchains have different block sizes and durations, which determines how many devices can be created for each block and how quickly new blocks can be added. These two changes determine the transition through the blockchain.

These factors limit scalability

The development of blockchain is to achieve maximum decentralization and an inclusive network. Two basic tools are used to achieve this goal: material and health.

Hardware requirements

A decentralized blockchain network depends on the ability of the weakest node in the network to monitor and manage the blockchain. Therefore, the cost of operating a node (hardware, bandwidth, storage) should be kept as low as possible so that as many people as possible become unlicensed on the untrusted network. .

national development

The state of growth reflects the value at which the blockchain is growing. The more the blockchain allows over time, the faster the blockchain will grow. A whole bunch of network history and should be able to check the network status as well. It uses a tree structure to store and use the state of the Ethereum network. As the state grows, new "leaves" and "jobs" are added, making some tasks more difficult and time consuming. As the chain grows, the risk of completing the project and the time to review new blocks continues. As the time increases, the total time required to synchronize all nodes also increases.

Symptoms of the increase

number of nodes

Minimum configuration and number of nodes to run:

Bitcoin: 350 GB of hard disk space, 5 Mbit / s connection, 1 GB of RAM, CPU> 1 Ghz. Knots: ~ 10,000

Ethereum²: 500 GB SSD disk space, 25 Mbit / s connectivity, 4-8 GB of RAM, 2-4 core CPU. Knots: ~ 6,000

Solana³: 1.5 TB of SSD disk space, 300 Mbit / s connectivity, 128 GB of 12-core CPU RAM. Knots: ~ 1200

It can be seen that the higher the CPU, bandwidth, and node storage required to traverse the blockchain, the fewer nodes that can join the blockchain network, resulting in less merging and inclusive interference.

Time required to synchronize all nodes

When you run all nodes for the first time, you should sync all existing nodes and check the health of the network by uploading basic blocks to the front-end of the chain. This process needs to be quick and efficient so that everyone can participate in this unlicensed agreement.

Refer to Jameson Lopp's Bitcoin Node 2020 and Node 2021 Synchronization Test, Table 1 compares the time it takes for Bitcoin, Ethereum, and Solana to synchronize all of the user's computing devices.

Table 1 Comparison of blockchain throughput and node synchronization

Table 1 shows that the increments increase synchronization time as more data needs to be processed and stored.

Blockchain can reduce serious problems caused by continuous improvement of node software, such as reduced disk space, faster sync speed, stronger retrieval capacity, swapping some products, etc. . Equipment. is not. .

What does scalability mean?

Scalability is the most misunderstood word in the blockchain space. An increase is desirable, but it is only part of the picture.

Scalability means more flexibility of the same hardware. Therefore, scalability can be divided into two categories: sort scalability and validation scalability.

relative scalability

The analysis describes the behavior of the order and the market in the network. As mentioned earlier, a blockchain can be increased slightly by increasing the block space and reducing the block time. Until this approach had a major impact on the distribution of the blockchain. However, the improvement in setting these simple restrictions is limited. In theory, an Ethereum VM can achieve up to 2000 TPS, but it cannot meet the needs of the blockchain in the long run.

In order to expand the relationship, Solana made some innovations. It uses an eco-friendly approach and unique design to achieve better results. However, despite these improvements, this approach is insufficient or small. As Solana increases its penetration, so does the cost of equipment and marketing.

Check scalability

Scalability checks explain how to increase throughput without the heavy load on nodes that continue to increase hardware costs. Specifically, it refers to cryptographic modifications such as proofs of usability. This is why Validity Rollups can regularly measure the blockchain.

What is the validation cumulative?

Commit rollups (also known as ZK rollups) migrate accounts and store states off-chain, but release small amounts of special data from the chain. At the bottom of the blockchain are smart contracts that govern the basic states of the rollup. In rollup, highly compressed transaction batches are sent off-chain to the manufacturer with the current statebase. This evidence includes the changes and generates usability evidence for the event and the new statebase and sends it to the consumer in the chain. This user certifies the certificate of validity and the smart contract that holds the state role modifies the certificate provided by the certificate with the new state.

How does the validation rollup achieve scalability with the same required hardware?

Although the proof requires very high hardware, it will not affect the distribution of the blockchain.

It is important to review the required certifications. Since data integration is highly compressed and often computationally abstracted, the impact of root blockchain nodes is minimal.

Validators (Ethereum nodes) do not require very high hardware and the batch size (assembly) does not increase the required hardware. Only a small fraction of the state changes and the response data needs to be processed and stored by the node. This will allow an Ethereum node to identify the usable output of the existing device.

The more offers, the lower the price.

In general, the more markets there are on the blockchain, the more expensive it is for everyone. According to the blockchain entity, users should bet more than others in free trade for their business to be included in the blockchain.

For validation totals, the problem is the opposite. There are costs involved in ensuring a large Ethereum exchange. As the transaction volume in a batch increases, the cost of batch validation gradually decreases exponentially. This means that adding more cases to a batch will result in lower costs, even as the cost of proof for the batch increases. The validation rollup requires trading in lots as much as possible so that all traders can distribute valid values. With infinite lot size growth, each exchange rate is infinitely close to zero. The higher the collateral rollup exchange rate, the cheaper it is for everyone.

dYdX is a dAPP powered by Validity Rollup, and it's one that sees over 12,000 changes in a group. The cost savings can be seen by comparing the Efficiency Rollup for the fuel consumption of the same industry volume over a large network.

DYdX performance of the Ethereum main network: 200,000 gases

StarkEx dYdX market: trong>

From another point of view, the critical value of authentication is linearly related to the number of users in the same group.

Why the best expectations cannot be delivered based on customer needs

In theory, an optimistic rollup offers almost the same scalability benefits as a validity rollup. However, there are some important differences. A validity rollup is optimized for mean data and a validity rollup is optimized for the worst. Since blockchain systems operate in an unstable environment, recovery from worst-case situations is the only way to ensure security.

In the worst-case scenario of the best prospects, fraud denies consumers. Therefore, to avoid fraud, users should synchronize Ethereum all nodes with L2 all nodes and count untrusted companies themselves.

In the worst-case scenario of Validity Rollup, users only need to sync all Ethereum nodes to verify valid credentials, reducing inclusions.

Unlike commit rollups, optimistic rollups cost more because they are linear with trade volume and number of users.

End of the puzzle - get unauthorized events

To ensure the user-friendliness of the exchange, users only need to run Ethereum. However, users and developers want to see and run the state and character of rollups for many purposes. L2 index nodes can meet this requirement. Not only does this allow users to visualize how the network is functioning, but it is also an important part of the ecosystem infrastructure activity. Indexers like Graph, Alchemy, and Infura, oracles like Chainlink, and blockchain explorers are all supported by authorized L2 index nodes.

Therefore

Many solutions to overcome the scalability of blockchains have focused on increasing efficiency, but this ignores the impact of accessing nodes.The need to modify hardware to make blocks and maintain network history increases, preventing decentralization of the network..

With the emergence of proofs of cryptographic validity, blockchains can achieve true scalability without the heavy burden associated with the cost of each upgrade, resulting in widespread expansion. You can trade more by using the stronger and more complex accounts of the same hardware, thus reversing the issue of market costs in the process. The more efficient the use, the cheaper.